Contrast in Days of Obligation Essay - 622 Words

Contrast in â€Å"Days of Obligation† Acclaimed American author Richard Rodriquez’s autobiography â€Å"Days of Obligation† conveys that his feelings for both Mexico and the United States can be expressed through contrasts. Rodriquez uses pathos, tropes, and schemes to articulate his feelings. His purpose for writing about the contrasts between Mexico and California is to help readers understand the differences that affected his life. Rodriguez’s relationship with his literate audience is personal, since he is opening about his personal life and his views on it. In the passage, Rodriguez’s use of pathos is evident in many places. In the first paragraph alone he uses it when he states that â€Å"Mexico play the tragic part; California plays the role†¦show more content†¦This figure of speech is seen in the fourth paragraph when Rodriguez says â€Å"I use the word ‘comedy’ here as the Greeks used it, with upmost seriousness, to suggest a world where youth is not a fruitless metaphor; where it is possible to start anew; where it is possible to escape the rivalries of the Capulets and the McCoys; where young women can disprove the adages of grandmothers.† The uses of these schemes are important in the passage because they stress emphasis on certain things that help him in explaining and conveying his feelings. Another way Rodriguez explores and conveys his conflicted feelings is with use of tropes. He uses rhetorical question, which is asking a question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely. The most effective rhetorical questions in conveying his feelings is in the second to last paragraph. He questions things such as â€Å"How shall I present the argument between comedy and tragedy, this tension that describes my life? Shall I start with the boy’s chapter, then move toward more ‘mature’ tragic conclusions?† These questions help define the confusion Rodriquez faces for the reader. Through the use of pathos, schemes, and tropes, Rodriquez offers his conflicting feelings about California and Mexico. By contrasting Mexico and California with these styles of writing, he sets upShow MoreRelatedEssay on How Work Is a Duty Comparing Two Poems1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Work is a duty†: Compare and contrast two poems you have studied in the light of this statement. It’s safe to say that â€Å"Toads† and â€Å"Toads Revisited†, both by Philip Larkin, have two very different viewpoints to work. Although written by the same poet, I feel they discuss the statement about ‘duty’ interestingly; both relay their points in a number of clever ways. Looking at â€Å"Toads†, in the perspective of the poet, we start to see that there is certain imagery in the poem that tellsRead MoreThe Peasants Of Manorial Villages Vs. 1800s902 Words   |  4 Pagesentered into a military obligation with the lords in exchange for land and protection, and serfs who were a class of people that worked their lord’s land as half slave, half freeman. Vassals were more of an employee and the serfs was little more than a slave because they were bound to the lord’s land. The serfs could not leave or do anything without the lord’s permission and most of the time they had to pay fees to be granted the permissions they requested. 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Knight Engines Essay Example For Students

Knight Engines Essay Priority of issues: D Sale of 10000 units to pistons which would otherwise have to be sold at $100 0 rice to be more than SASS(excluding rush fee and insurance) and we could try till $650 (including rush fee and insurance) O Advertising our product for attracting more customers in the long run Underlying interest: CITY minimize the loss caused due to the Swiss deal 3 To establish a long term relationship with Knights Engine 0 To increase the companys revenue and retain the shareholders Goals: Tangible: TO sell 8,000 pistons (What Knight needed) for $650 (desired price * insurance) and want the Knights to indicate on the chassis that their engines were fitted by us (Caliber Engines) ay this we are trying to maximize profits o $650 and minimizing loss by selling 8000 out of 10000 units produced for the government of Switzerland. Intangible: We will try to establish both a good relationship and a reputation for fair deals, so that future business can develop, Walkway points and BATAAN: Walkway point: We would walk away from the deal if the price drops below $480 and if they refuse to indicate on the chassis that their engines were fitted by us (Caliber Engines) BATAAN: To sell more pieces at a little lesser cost thus reducing the average cost per piece. Negotiate the branding in exchange of the rush fee or the insurance cost. One Of the most important parts Of the planning process is to anticipate what your opponent will do, and along those lines felt it was essential to determine What my opponent would consider a successful agreement. In other words, finding out the criteria upon which he would be evaluated could potentially uncover an opportunity to align our incentives and achieve a mutually beneficial solution. Strategy: We would surely follow an active engagement strategy First start with a competitive negotiation because we assume that price is almost certain to be a high priority for both parties. Then based on how it goes we are more than happy to get into a collaborative negotiation with the Knights as we are looking at a long term relationship. Call would first propose $560 4 rush fee, J Then tell them about the insurance and how investing in insurance would help them increase the guarantee of each unit being of best quality as against 4-5% of bad units. C calculated the highest price to be $650 with the rush fee and insurance included. Thus this would be the best price to get for the pistons. II The lowest price that I hoped to achieve was the market price of $560, but would be ailing to go lower if needed since the alternative was to get $1 CO but try my best to not go below $480 as that is the production cost. 0 would go down on the rush fee Or insurance fee in exchange Of Caliber branding. The last hurdle would be to convince them to buy from Caliber instead of a cheaper competitor Who would take longer than wanted to get the pistons ready. By taking the higher price, they would not only get the quality that they desired and they would also receive the products on time so that her company would not look bad for being late.

Odysseus By Homer And Hero Essays - Greek Mythology, Odyssey

Odysseus By Homer And Hero Heroes are almost perfect people. Odysseus was a great Greek Hero. Just like all of us though, he had exceptional abilities and faults. You notice many examples throughout the Odyssey that which was authored by Homer. The traits you notice are his tall tales, and his extravagant curiosity. Also, he is very attractive, extremely clever, and like most heroes has great ability. Odysseus had few negative qualities. He told many tall tales throughout the Odyssey. Telling tall tales wasn't a good habit, but put for a good cause because the Goddess Athena requested him too. Being one with following the Gods, he abided by her rules and told a lie to the swineherd Eumaeus, and told him that he was from out of town and lied about his name as well. He fooled Eumaeus quite easily but didn't realize how hurt people were getting by " Odysseus' " his absence. Other than the tall tale telling, Odysseus was also very curious. When they reached the island of the Cyclopes, the curious Odysseus let his curiosity go to work. He noticed the big cave of Polyphemus and believed they might be nice and humble towards strangers, but he was wrong! He entered the cave out of curiosity of the people, and ran into Polyphemus, the giant Cyclops. His curiosity caused the life of some of his men. On the other hand, Odysseus had many good qualities though to go along with the negative ones. He had looks, strength, and extreme ability. Odysseus proved very clever while at the isle of the Cyclopes. After his curiosity killed some men of his, he desired to escape. He cleverly decided to get Polyphemus drunk on wine, and to blind his one and only eye! This scheme worked, but now they had to escape! He came up with the idea to strap him and his companions to strap themselves to the bottom of Polyphemus' sheep. In the morning, Polyphemus counted his sheep and guarded the cave well so they could not escape, but with them under the sheep, Polyphemus was helpless! This clever scheme worked and they set off for the isle of Aeolus. Odysseus had many women lusting for him. After all, heroes are almost always handsome. One of the first women to fall for him was Circe. Circe was a goddess of the wind. She took him hostage on her island, but his single-mindedness and the messenger God Hermes helped him survive. Also, the goddess Calypso fell for this hero. She kept him captive on her island for 8 years hoping he would love her, but he never did. Odysseus' captors must have proven him attractive if they thought they loved him. Another of Odysseus' positive traits was his great strength. In many situations he proved this ability. While floating from Calypso's island, he came to the Land of the Phaeacians. While right outside the rocks to this island, he treaded water for a whole day non-stop until he found a safer passage into this land. Also, Odysseus showed great strength near the end of this story, when he helped slay 108 suitors. One hundred eight suitors had moved into Odysseus' palace and tried to win his spouse. This angered Odysseus to a point where he killed viciously for his land of Ithaca. Though it is bad to kill, it is even harder to kill 108 grown men. Through Odysseus' long journey home we saw all of his traits come out. Traits both good and bad, more good than bad. This journey remained long because of his love for someone, which is one of the best characteristics to have. Bibliography Homer, The Odyssey; Adapted Classic New Jersey ; Globe Book Company, 1992

Paying college atheles Essay

Paying college atheles Essay Paying college atheles Essay Paying College Athletes Tyler Branch wrote captivating article in The Atlantic titled â€Å"The Shame of College Sports† which included a disturbing story about the treatment of a college athlete. In 1974, running back Kent Waldrep suffered paralysis after a hard tackle during a game while attending Texas Christian University (TCU). The university paid his medical bill for nine months, but then refused to pay anymore expenses because of his â€Å"student athlete† status. For sixteen years his family battled TCU in the courts trying to obtain â€Å"workers compensation† benefits. In June of 2000 the Court of Appeals in Texas ruled against Waldrep based upon his status as a â€Å"student-athlete†, not an employee. TCU used Waldrep’s football ability to make money, but because of Waldrep’s classification as a â€Å"student-athlete,† the court said he had no entitlement to compensation that another TCU employee would receive. Even though the school made money off of his work, unlike a coach for instance, he received no compensation. Currently, National Colligate Athletic Association (NCAA) college athletes do not receive any kind of compensation in addition to their scholarships. College athletes generate millions of dollars for their universities and deserve additional payment. Division 1 college athletes put in countless hours playing their sport to the best of their ability. If playing a sport in college takes as much time as a job, then playing the sport should come with payment like a job. Opponents of compensating the college athletes ignore the billions of dollars generated by the players’ efforts and accept the falsehood that today's college athletes are student-athletes. Advocates against paying college athletes argue several points in hopes of maintaining the current NCAA policy. First, they say college athletes get â€Å"compensated† by the value of education which includes housing, tuition , and meals. Secondly, supporters say if college athletes get paid, they become professional athletes not student-athletes. Lastly, supporters of not paying athletes argue the impossibility of fair distribution to all athletes. Proponents for not paying players say athletes receive payment in the form of scholarships, but the scholarships fail to cover all college related expenses. The difference between a scholarship and the full cost of attending a university ranges from $2,000 and $5,000 depending on which college they attend. As shown in a stltoday.com article, $4,300 reflects the difference of cost between scholarship benefits and actual costs at the University of Missouri during the 2011-2012 academic year. Scholarships fall short in covering living expenses such as transportation, clothing, and miscellaneous expenses. For example, off campus athletes receive monthly benefits from their scholarships for rent. However, they do not receive rent money for the two months they are not in school. The NCAA basketball tournament made ninety million dollars in 2011 while Missouri basketball players received five hundred and fifty dollars for rent (Gregorian). Sports writer Duncan Currie’s article argues the average scholarship falls $3,000 short of covering the expenses of the athlete. He said if scholarships supposedly pay players, then scholarships need to be boosted to help â€Å"cash-strapped’ players meet their living costs. Syracuse University professor, Dr. Boyce Watkins, who has taught on college campuses for seventeen years, has witnessed the hardships placed on college athletes. He claims the NCAA earns forty percent more in advertising revenue than the NBA playoffs and sixty percent more than MLB playoffs. The NCAA does not pay its athletes and therefore the money should go to enhances scholarships. Although today’s college athletes maintain the label of â€Å"student-athlete,† the demands of college athletics make them l ike professionals. The NCAA titles the young men and women that participate in college athletics student athletes, but the

How to Use the Versatile French Word Même

How to Use the Versatile French Word Mà ªme The French word mà ªme is a handy one to know. Loosely translated as same or even, the words meaning changes based on how it is used in a sentence. Mà ªme  may function as an indefinite adjective, an indefinite pronoun, or an adverb. Indefinite Adjective When used as an indefinite adjective, mà ªmes meaning differs according to whether it precedes or follows the noun it modifies:1) Before a noun, mà ªme means same. Cest la mà ªme chose!   Its the same thing!Jai lu le mà ªme livre.   I read the same book.Il aime les mà ªmes programmes.   He likes the same programs.Il a le mà ªme à ¢ge que moi. Hes the same age as me. 2) After a noun or pronoun, mà ªme emphasizes that thing and means (one)self or personified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a perdu la bague mà ªme.   He lost the ring itself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je veux le faire moi-mà ªme. (stressed pronoun)   I want to do it myself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle est la gentillesse mà ªme.   She is the epitome of kindness. / She is kindness itself. Indefinite Pronoun Le mà ªme as an indefinite pronoun means the same and may be singular or plural.   Cest le mà ªme.   Its the same.Elles sont toujours les mà ªmes.   Theyre always the same.Cela / à §a revient (strictement) au mà ªme. It comes / amounts to (exactly) the same thing. Adverb As an adverb, mà ªme is invariable, emphasizes the word it modifies, and means even, (to go) so far as to.   Mà ªme Jacques est venu.   Even Jacques came.  Il avait mà ªme achetà © un billet.   He even went so far as to buy a ticket.  Ils sont tous partis, mà ªme le bà ©bà ©.   They all left, even the baby.  Je lai vu ici mà ªme.   I saw him in this very spot. Personal Pronoun Personal pronouns with  mà ªme  form the -self pronouns, which are personal pronouns of emphasis. moi-mà ªme   myselftoi-mà ªme   yourself (singular and  familiar)elle-mà ªme  Ã‚  herselflui-mà ªme  Ã‚  himselfsoi-mà ªme   oneself, yourselfvous-mà ªme   yourself (plural and formal)elles-mà ªmes  Ã‚  themselves (feminine)eux-mà ªmes  Ã‚  themselves  (masculine) Expressions mà ªme   right on, in, from; in position mà ªme que   capable ofde mà ªme que   just / right as (something happened)mà ªme que (familiar) moreoverquand mà ªme  Ã‚  even so, anywaytout de mà ªme   even soÇa revient au mà ªme.   That amounts to the same thing.Cest du pareil au mà ªme.  (informal)   Its always the same.en mà ªme temps at the same timeIl na mà ªme pas pleurà ©.   He didnt even cry.   mà ªme la peau  Ã‚  next to the skin mà ªme le sol  Ã‚  on the bare ground  Ã‚  Je suis parti et lui de mà ªme.   I left and so did he.  Ã‚   mà ªme:  dormir mà ªme le sol   to sleep on the floor mà ªme de   able to,  in a position tode mà ªme:  faire de mà ªme   to do likewise  or  the samede mà ªme que just asmà ªme que  (familiar) so much so thatmà ªme si   even if

Love the music, what about the musician Research Paper

Love the music, what about the musician - Research Paper Example In addition to this innovation, Liszt brought to his performances a touch of showmanship, at times motioning to the crowd. It’s perhaps these elements that created this popular attention for his music. In addition to making these revolutionary contributions to music during his lifetime, Liszt had a number of tumultuous life events that made him interesting to the general public. In terms of birth, Liszt was from Eastern Europe and later moved to Paris, France, giving him an aura of mystery. Liszt was also indicated to have partaken in a number of amorous affairs that slightly scandalized him among the general public. His relationship with one such woman Marie d'Agoult gained considerable tabloid attention. In addition to being five years his senior, the couple had out-of-wedlock children. D’Agoult would go on to write a gossip novel about her relationship with Liszt. Despite these elements, Liszt was recognized as being an incredibly generous individual. During Lisztâ⠂¬â„¢s lifetime he popularity gained him a sort of mystique that drew individuals to him in strange ways. One such example is a peculiar fascination with his ‘magical’ hands; in these regards, plaster casts were taken of his hands that have survived until the present day. With Liszt’s intriguing and tumultuous existence it should be no surprise that elements of it are reflected in his work. This essay considers Liszt’s work on the symphonic poem ‘Tasso’ in relation to his biographical information. One of the first things one notices about the piece is that it is a symphonic poem, the structure that Liszt is renowned for revolutionizing, a feature that is perhaps reflective of his unique and forward thinking status.

Imperialism-Doomed to Collapse under Its Own Weight Essay

Imperialism-Doomed to Collapse under Its Own Weight - Essay Example The differences in of time and seasons of these territories, and the variety of soils and climates, are believe to have an ever more significant effect upon the material and industrial, as well as upon the social and political expansion of the British Empire (British Empire, 2004). Although the British Empire has since almost completely disappeared, its tough influence all over the world, such as in economic practice, legal and government systems, the spread of many traditionally British sports (such as cricket) and also the spread of the English language still remains (British Empire, 2006). The failure of English territorial ambitions in continental Europe impelled the kingdom's rulers to look further afield, creating the foundations of the mercantile and colonial network that was later to become the British Empire. The chaos of the Reformation entangled England in religious wars with Europe's Catholic powers, particularly Spain, however, the kingdom preserved its independence as much through luck as through the skill of charismatic rulers such as Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's successor, James I was already king of Scotland (as James VI); and this personal union of the two crowns into the crown of Great Britain was followed a century later by the Act of Union 1707, which formally unified England, Scotland and Wales into the Kingdom of Great Britain. This later became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801 to 1927) and then the modern state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927 to present) (England, 2006). The overseas British Empir e - in the sense of British oceanic exploration and settlement outside of Europe and the British Isles - was rooted in the revolutionary maritime policies of King Henry VII, who reigned 1485-1509. Building on commercial links in the wool trade promoted during the reign of his predecessor King Richard III, (British Empire, 2006). The fundamentals of sea power, having been laid during Henry VII's reign, were slowly extended to defend English trade and open up new routes. King Henry VIII founded the modern English navy (though the plans to do so were put into motion during his father's reign), more than tripling the number of warships and constructing the first large vessels with heavy, long-range guns. He initiated the Navy's formal, centralized administrative apparatus, built new docks, and constructed the network of beacons and lighthouses that greatly facilitated coastal navigation for English and foreign merchant sailors. Henry thus established the munitions-based Royal Navy that was able to repulse the Spanish Armada in 1588, and his innovations provided the seed for the imperial navy of later centuries (British Empire, 2006). In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland as England's for Elizabeth I, reinforcing John Cabot's prior claim to the island in 1497, for Henry VII, as England's first overseas colony. Gilbert's shipwreck prevented ensuing settlement in Newfoundland, other than the seasonal cod fishermen who had frequented the

Descartes’ Meditations Essay Example for Free

Descartes’ Meditations Essay Rene Descartes is not only a known philosopher, but he also contributed significantly in the field of mathematics. It is with the same vigor and methodological reason he applied in the realm of Mathematics by which he comes to his conclusions in the Meditations. Hence, we see him going about his arguments, thoughts, opinions, and conclusions in a reasonable, methodological fashion, forming skeptical hypotheses in every step. In a way, Meditations can be regarded as a guide for the readers: it seeks to take along the reader with the meditator in his journey of the unknown and knowing. It tries to convince them to follow his step-by-step argumentation and skepticism, and to accept the obvious logical conclusion of each. Yet, although his conclusions are impressive and convincing, a crack in his reasoning might break down his arguments. The purpose of this paper then, is to examine the ideas, assumptions, and arguments presented by Descartes. However, this paper will only concern itself with the first two parts of Descartes’ Meditations (Meditation I: Of the Things Which May Be Brought Within the Sphere of Doubt and Meditation II: Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That It Is Better Known Than the Body). The First Meditation: Methodic Doubt In the First Meditation, Descartes cast all things into doubt. He does this by first questioning all that he knows as he remembers his senses has deceived him before. He says: All that up to the present time I have accepted as most true and certain I have learned from either from the senses or through the senses; but it is sometimes proved to me that these senses are deceptive, and it is wiser not to trust entirely to any thing by which we have once been deceived (Descartes, pg. 0). He then continues to give proof of his reasons for doubting what he knows to be true. He considers if he might be crazy, dreaming, or deceived by God or an evil genius. He reasons out that he is not mad as the mad people who imagine things when these are clearly not the case, and dismisses that possibility. He considers that when is dreaming he is convinced that what his senses perceive are real, only to find out that it was not. Finally, he thinks that perhaps an omnipotent being, God, deceives him into believing all the things around him exists even if these are not true, yet he cannot accept that because it would go against the nature of God’s goodness, hence he supposes that it is â€Å"not God who s supremely good and the fountain of truth, but some evil genius not less powerful than deceitful, has employed his whole energies in deceiving me; I shall consider that the heavens, earth, colors, figures, sound, and all other external things are nought but the illusions and dreams of which this genius has availed himself in order to lay traps for my credulity† (Descartes, pg. 33). Ending the first part, he closes with likening himself to a prisoner who while sleeping enjoys freedom but knows that it is only a dream, and is afraid to wake up. The meditator knows that he has opened a Pandora’s box of questioning and yet chooses to go back to his former beliefs for the meantime. Descartes’ method of questioning and casting all that can be questioned as being false is the underlying concept of skepticism, and his has been called methodic doubt. One by one he stripped his notions of truth so he could get to the most fundamental part, for he says he only needs one immovable point on which to build truth. Descartes’ questioning of the senses and perception is useful in order to arrive at the fundamental point of his argument which is to find what is absolute, what cannot be doubted given that he is casting everything in the sphere of doubt. We find out in the second part of the Meditations that though everything can be cast into doubt, there is one thing that cannot: his thoughts doubting themselves. No matter what happens, there is an absolute truth: that he is thinking. And he thinks, he exists. But then what is the point of all these? When does an individual begin to think? Is it not that the thinking process is facilitated by the accumulation of ideas, ideas gleaned from the dubious world through imperfect senses? Does this mean that the mad person who can comprehend his existence is as sane as the rest? It seems convenient to cast everything into doubt and the senses in question to arrive at the fundamental point of the consciousness. But what is the consciousness, where does it stem from? Does it not have a vessel? Are we to accept that we are merely floating consciousness in the abyss? Or that we are simply consciousness being deceived by an evil genius? Descartes’ Belief in the Idea of God and the Evil Genius Which brings us to Descartes’ discussion of God and the evil genius. Descartes casts everything into doubt except God, that is why he could not accept that God will deceive him. Of course this can be argued as Descartes way of trying to coax the conservative Jesuits to read and accept his arguments, for if he downright casts God into the realm of doubt as he did his body then he might be excommunicated or ordered to be killed as Galileo. Then if it is not God it must be something as powerful yet evil, the evil genius. If we follow this train of thought, does it make sense? This borders on theological argument, but why would an all powerful, all good God as believed in by the meditator allow an evil genius to deceive him? If the All powerful, all good God is indeed all powerful and all good, then he will not allow this evil genius to exist, or would he? Because then if God and the evil genius are pitted against each other, who will win if they are both powerful and so on? Also, where did this idea of an evil genius come from? It is, according to the flow of arguments in the Meditations, necessitated by the theory of being deceived. Something must be doing the deceiving, and that something must be powerful enough to paint the world and deceive the beholder. A being as powerful as that can only be God, but since it goes against God’s nature, then t must be the evil genius. But what is the cause of this evil genius? Was it not the need of the meditator for an evil genius to support his arguments? Hence, can we not argue that there is no evil genius? In the same vein, that there is no God? Descartes said: I have long had fixed in my mind the belief that an all-powerful God existed by whom I have been created as such as I am (pg. 32). He provides no reason, no proof of God’s existence but proceeds with his meditations as though this was a given. Why would it be? Is God’s existence and goodness really necessary? Can these not be cast into doubt as well? Or the thought of casting God into doubt is unspeakable? For if we will really cast everything into the realm of doubt, would not there be only the self talking to itself? Descartes’ unwillingness to put God to the test makes Descartes’ methodological reasoning biased. If Descartes is biased in his reasoning, can we accept the conclusions he has arrived at? He stubbornly holds that an idea of a perfect being is necessarily true and necessarily means that the perfect being exists for who will put that idea to him, him an imperfect being who must be incapable of conceiving anything perfect? Already there is a fallacy in his thinking, for this becomes evidently a tautological argument. But more than that, his defining this ultimate being, this perfect being as based on an idea of it throws off his arguments. What of the heavens and the sea? Of earthly things which he has ideas of also, then does it not mean that they are true because he has ideas of them? Will he point out that these are a different case because our idea of these material things are based on our perception of them through our senses? And that mythical figures such as mermaids are complex images formed out of simple things combined yet still has basis on sensory perception? Then, can we argue that his notion of an ultimate being must have come from the simple idea of an imperfect being and make that complex, let us say a carpenter who we know can build a house, and if he can build a house maybe there is a perfect carpenter who can build a world? For why would a perfect being, perfectly good, can be doubted if we so choose? The Second Meditation: Arriving at Consciousness Descartes’ argument supposes there are simple things that do not need explaining but which can be taken for truth. If there is no ultimate Being, and no evil genius, who then makes up all the illusion? The mind as the powerful deceiver, as it is the only thing that can attend to the train of his thoughts simultaneously. If we do doubt God, we will more or less arrive at the same conclusion, that the only thing that we cannot doubt is one’s own skeptical thinking. As Descartes makes clear when in the passage: is there not some God, or some other being by whatever name we call it, who puts these reflections into my mind? That is not necessary, for is it not possible that I am capable of producing them myself? I, myself, am I not at least something? But I have already denied that I had senses and body†¦ am I so dependent on body and senses that I cannot exist without these? Bu I was persuaded that there was nothing in all the world, that there was no heaven, no earth, that there no minds nor any bodies: was I not then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? †¦ but there is some deceiver or other, very powerful and very cunning, who ever employs his ingenuity in deceiving me. Then without doubt I exist also if he deceives me, and let him deceive me as much as he will, he can never cause me to be nothing so long as I think that I am something (Descartes, pg. 34). Here is saying that he thinks he is something, which lays the groundwork for: But then what am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, conceives, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels (Descartes, pg. 37). Of course in this statement can be summed up the famous â€Å"I think, therefore I am†. But it is not merely thinking per se that Descartes is saying here, but rather self-awareness, or consciousness. One’s consciousness is absolute: it tells him that he does exist for certain, even if everything else is illusion. Hence, one’s consciousness implies one’s existence. The Consciousness and the Wax Argument The truth is fundamental, common sense. The consciousness needs no explaining because everybody understands what it is. But let us ask, where does consciousness come from? Perhaps this is no longer part of Descartes’ philosophy, as his thesis has been chiefly to prove that if one has consciousness then he exists. That is why the important construction of the statement, I think, I am. It is necessarily has to be the I who has understanding of being. How does one think though? Through the ideas garnered from sensory perception? To explain further, and in a way define himself better through example, Descartes turns to the analogy of the wax. Descartes asks how he knows of the wax, when its physical properties change? When its color, texture, size, shape, smell change, is it still not wax? Thus: what then did I know so distinctly in this piece of wax? It could certainly be nothing of all that the senses brought to my notice†¦ for all these are found to be changed, and yet the same wax remains†¦ (p. 39). Descartes argues that the wax does not change, but he knows it not through the senses but because he grasps the idea of the wax with his mind: But what is this piece of wax which cannot be understood excepting by the mind? †¦what must particularly be observed is that its perception [of the wax] is neither an act of vision, nor of touch, nor of imagination, and has never been such although it may have appeared formerly to be so (Descartes, p. 39). Further, he uses the wax to affirm his existence when he says that his perception of the wax no matter how distinct or indistinct only proves the existence of his mind as being the thing that processes all these, proving not the wax but the nature of his mind. In this way Descartes is actually saying that all we know, we know from the mind. That is why he believes that we know the mind better than we know the body. This not only affirms his consciousness, but also affirms Meditation I’s methodic doubt. After all, we only know the world through ideas – these ideas including dreams, concepts, images, perceptions, and memories – hence, we know the world indirectly. Also, these ideas represent something else – something that is external or separate from the self, that which we do not identify with I, making them separate from the mind as well. Since these are external to the mind, these can be illusions, false images or faulty representations. And if these ideas can be trusted, what can be but the absolute existence of the thing that conceives these ideas in the first place, the mind, the consciousness. Conclusion Descartes’ Meditations is undoubtedly an important text in history, and its methodic presentation convincing. His thesis that we could doubt everything but the existence of the self via the consciousness makes perfect sense – with or without the reference to an ultimate Being or an evil genius, as his insistence, or his inclusion of these, stains his logical arguments, for there is no logical basis for God or the Devil. But then, since these does not cripple nor in any way change the outcome of the meditations, then it could be safely dismissed as perhaps a necessary inclusion to encourage conservative readers of the time to consider a novel idea before they turn a skeptic eye on him.

The Prevalent Issues Of Surrogate Parenting :: essays research papers fc

The Prevalent Issues of Surrogate Parenting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrogate parenting refers to an arrangement between a married couple who is unable to have a child because of the wife's infertility and a fertile woman who agrees to conceive the husband's child through artificial insemination, carry it to term, then surrender all parental rights in the child. Often, the surrogate mother receives compensation for her services. The final step in the process is typically the father's acknowledgment of paternity and adoption, with his wife, of the child. Through surrogate motherhood, a couple desiring a child need not wait an indefinite number of years for an adoptable baby, as generally happens at the present time. The married couple obtains a child who is the husband's biological offspring- a child for whose existence both husband and wife can feel responsible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrogate parenting is highly controversial by its very nature. Nevertheless, surrogate parenting is attracting wide spread attention as a viable alternative for infertile couples intent on having a child. Contract surrogacy is officially little more than ten years old, although surrogate mothering is a practice that has been known since biblical times. In 1986 alone 500 babies had been born to mothers who gave them up to sperm donor fathers for a fee, and the practice is growing rapidly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this reason there are many questions and doubts that arise from this subject. Often there are many legal difficulties that come about with surrogate parenting. In some states the contracts that insure the infertile couple the baby of the surrogate mother mean nothing. This, in turn, can cause huge problems if the surrogate mother were to change her mind about giving up her child. Who has the rights to the child in this awful situation? Surrogate parenting is a wonderful alternative for infertile couples as long as all party's involved are educated on the subject and are fully aware of the pros and cons of this risky business transaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately laws on surrogate parenting aren't very helpful. Increasing numbers of surrogate custody cases are finding their way into the courtrooms. The most dramatic problem arises when the surrogate mother decides she wants to keep the baby.Whether she decides early or late in the pregnancy, at birth, or after the child is born, the ultimate issue is whether she or the infertile couple have parental rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How is the law to respond to this kind of problem? Normally people would agree that a contract is a contract and therefore the infertile couple should be the ones to receive the baby. Unfortunately for some of us more sympathetic people this decision is not that simple.

Lady Macbeth, an honoured hostess and a fiend-like Queen Essay

The audience witness a total transformation of Lady Macbeth from a powerful, scheming woman to a sad and lonely wretch. By the end of this tragedy she has nothing to live for, is riddled with guilt and has lost all sanity. At the opening of the play the audience see how fervent her hunger for power and status is when she summons evil spirits; â€Å"Fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of the direst cruelty;† (Act One, Scene 5, lines 40-41). This statement displays Lady Macbeth’s character deeply nefarious, it would perturb the superstitions of the Christian spectators. The audience might also perceive her to be disturbed as in that same soliloquy she asks the spirits to, â€Å"Make thick my blood,† At the time that the play was written thick blood was associated with illness and derangement. It would have been most horrific for the audience to listen to the character persisting that she did not want to be womanly, especially for someone of her status is society. Pronouncing that she wished to be unsexed and that she wanted the spirits to â€Å"Come to my woman’s breasts, and take my milk for gall,† would outrage their perfervid Christian views as women were supposed to be maternal and loving whereas she uses the oxymoron to intensify her wish to become corrupt and inhuman. Immediately after she calls the spirits, Shakespeare returns Macbeth to the stage, scheduling his wife the ideal time to discuss her plan. Lady Macbeth begins to instruct him as she says, â€Å"Look like th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t.† She uses this metaphor to reassure her husband and make known to him that others won’t realise he’d be doing anything wrong but at the same time urging him to commit the deed,ergo underlining the way in which it is her evil inventions which will destroy Duncan. The Shakespearean audience would be very disturbed to witness such wicked schemes emanating from a female character; women were particularly governed by society’s expectations and considered to be the fairer, gentler sex, leaving political machinations to their male counterparts. Along with manipulating Macbeth into executing all of her schemes, she also is competent to cover up after him when he is vulnerable to suspicion. Without her help and guidance, Macbeth would have not been able to consummate his feats. After Macbeth’s first act in which he commits regicide by killing his dear king Duncan, he is incapable of coming to terms with his actions and returning with the weapons to Duncan’s chamber. His ever-dutiful wife finishes the task. â€Å"Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead are but pictures.† Her control here reveals her power and determination. We see her draw a veil over Macbeth’s behaviour again after he has taken King Duncan’s life as Macbeth makes the mistake of killing the guards, when he knows that as a soldier himself he should interrogate suspects. After Macduff attempts to question Macbeth on his reasons, Lady Macbeth faints (Act 2 Scene 3 line 112). This shows her ability to extemporise when the situation requires it. Indeed there are several occasions when Lady Macbeth steps in to avoid her husband being put under suspicion. Her role in the banquet scene after Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost has a reason. Macbeth shows signs of weakening before the spirit of Banquo. However, Lady Macbeth shows her authority over the proceedings. She instructs all but herself and Macbeth in Act 3 Scene 4 lines 118-9 to â€Å"Stand not upon the order of your going. But go at once,† thus managing to clear their estate of all the guests who had been visiting, which would have been a difficult feat especially for a woman yet her determination impels her capable. We sporadically notice that she is not such a nefarious character, as she would like to believe. An example of her vulnerability is when she needs a drink to give her courage in order to go through with the plan for the murder of Duncan, â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold.† If she were truly a ‘fiend’ she would feel nothing. Similarly, when she is anxious and awaiting Macbeth’s return she utters that, â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t.† Had she been entirely evil she would have distanced herself more and be unable to draw comparisons. The decisive moment however for Lady Macbeth is when she detects that she is no longer needed. Act 3 Scene 3 lines 6-7 describe this further when she asks Macbeth, â€Å"What’s to be done?† and he proves to her that he is no longer the mere student but the master as he replies, â€Å"Be the innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou applaud the deed.† Macbeth’s use of ‘dearest chuck’ would have been supposed to be playful however in this context would have aggravated his wife and spurred on the doubts that would have been forming in her mind. The quotation is also analogous to what Lady Macbeth had said to him in Act 1 Scene 5 about looking innocent, thus extra proof of his imitation of his wife’s influence. Lady Macbeth’s return to the action in Act 5, scene 1 is dramatic in its irony. She is a mere shadow of her former self, unable to sleep and riddled with guilt she re-enacts the role she played in Duncan’s murder, and in so doing betrays her guilt to her waiting woman and, of course, the audience. The constant washing of her hands and utterances â€Å"Out damned spot†¦ Who’d have thought the old man to have so much blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬  serve to expose her crimes, her sentiments in Act Two â€Å"A little water cleans me of this deed† are shockingly highlighted in the closing Act with poignant irony. Delirious and disturbing outbursts: â€Å"Here’s the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this hand. Oh, oh, oh!† (Line 44-6) and her use of metaphor amplifies her acute mental torture and pain, she is a woman so construed by guilt that she loses all sanity. Lady Macbeth’s downfall, like her husband’s, is a tragic one as she ultimately dies from her terrible crime. Like Macbeth, Lady Macbeth enjoyed reputation and status as the wife of the greatest Scottish warrior, much loved and honoured by king and county. However, she is as much Macbeth, guilty of ‘vaulting ambition’ and when she succumbs to that fatal flaw she can no longer function. Indeed, so consumed by guilt, Lady Macbeth commits suicide knowing that her crimes have involved interfering with the divine right of kings. Interestingly, however, the audience see many times throughout this drama when Lady Macbeth is not so cold as she is made out to be. We know that she is not a ‘fiend’ as we see on numerous occasions her inability to carry out acts herself, act 2 Scene 2, line 13-4, â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept. I had done’t.† She is unable to distance herself from the stunt and even helping to carry out the act she finds difficult as she needs help to bring the courage she needs: â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold;† illuminating further how she has some empathy for Duncan. The audience see just how terrible an effect all the events since the witches first met Macbeth have had on her mental state as they hear how she has taken her own life in Act 5 scene 5 from Malcolm. To conclude, it is clear that Lady Macbeth begins her role as ‘honoured’; she certainly enjoys the wifely role of Scotland’s hero. However, through greed and ambition, she forfeits her reputation and status. Certainly her actions are ‘fiend-like’ but she does betray some small shreds of conscience and is therefore well aware of her choices. A totally fiendish character would not experience guilt, but Lady Macbeth goes insane simply because she knows she has been immoral and sinful. Lady Macbeth, â€Å"an honoured hostess† and â€Å"a fiend-like Queen†.

History of Basketball Essay

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by the Canadian clergyman, educator, and physician James Naismith. Naismith introduced the game when we was an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association Training School (now Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. At the request of his superior, Dr. Luther H. Gulick, he organized a vigorous recreation suitable for indoor winter play. The game involved elements of American football, soccer, and hockey, and the first ball used was a soccer ball. Teams had nine players, and the goals were wooden peach baskets affixed to the walls. By 1897-1898, teams of five became standard. The game rapidly spread nationwide and to Canada and other parts of the world, played by both women and men; it also became a popular informal outdoor game. U. S. servicemen in World War II (1939-1945) popularized the sport in many other countries. A number of U. S. colleges adopted the game between about 1893 and 1895. In 1934 the first college games were staged in New York City’s Madison Square Garden, and college basketball began to attract heightened interest. By the 1950s basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball. The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game. This league only lasted five years before disbanding; its demise spawned a number of loosely organized leagues throughout the northeastern United States. One of the first and greatest pro teams was the Original Celtics, organized about 1915 in New York City. They played as many as 150 games a season and dominated basketball until 1936. The Harlem Globetrotters, founded in 1927, a notable exhibition team, specializes in amusing court antics and expert ball handling. In 1949 two subsequent professional leagues, the National Basketball League (formed in 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (1946) merged to create the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Boston Celtics, led by their center Bill Russell, dominated the NBA from the late 1950s through the 1960s. By the 1960s, pro teams from coast to coast played before crowds of many millions annually. Wilt Chamberlain, a center for the Los Angeles Lakers, was another leading player during the era, and his battles with Russell were eagerly anticipated. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, also a center, came to prominence during the 1970s. Jabbar perfected his famed â€Å"sky hook† shot while playing for the Los Angeles Lakers and dominated the opposition. The NBA suffered a drop in popularity during the late 1970s, but was resuscitated, principally through the growing popularity of its most prominent players. Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics, and Magic Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers are credited with injecting excitement into the league in the 1980s through their superior skills and decade-long rivalry. During the late 1980s Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls rose to stardom and helped the Bulls dominate the NBA during the early 1990s. A new generation of basketball stars, including Shaquille O’Neal of the Orlando Magic and Larry Johnson of the Charlotte Hornets, have sustained the NBA’s growth in popularity. In 1959 a Basketball Hall of Fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts. Its rosters include the names of great players, coaches, referees, and people who have contributed significantly to the development of the game.

Case Study on the Murder of Bridgett Frisbie

Case Study on the Murder of Bridgett Frisbie Bridgett Frisbie was 17 years old and  in her junior year at Raines High School in Katy, Texas, when she was lured into a wooded area in northwest Harris County and murdered by a close friend and schoolmate. According to authorities, near midnight on April 3, 2011, Bridgett Frisbie snuck out of her house to meet up with friends and was walking down the street when she was spotted by Alan Perez and Alex Olivieri who were out looking for her in Olivieris Chevrolet Suburban. The two men had preplanned to rough her (Frisbie) up that night and had prepared accordingly. Both the men were armed with pistols and Perez was dressed in all black and had a black face mask. When the men spotted Frisbie, Perez hid in the back seat of the car under a pile of blankets, as per their plan. A Threat to His Future Frisbie and Olivieri were good friends, so she had no reason not to accept a ride from him that night. Prosecutors believe that she did not realize the degree of anger Olivieri felt towards her because of a previous incident she had witnessed and was talking about with friends at school. Some weeks before, as a favor to Frisbie, Olivieri allegedly did a drive-by shooting at her ex-boyfriend’s house with his Yugo semiautomatic rifle. According to Perez, Olivieri told him that Frisbie was driving while he sprayed her ex-boyfriends home with bullets. He said Olivieri was worried that, if he was arrested for the shooting, it would hurt his future plans of having a career in the Army. The Murder With Frisbie in the Suburban and Perez hiding undetected in the back seat, Olivieri drove to a wooded area under the false pretense of needing to get something he had buried. Carrying a shovel, he and Frisbie walked into the woods. Perez followed the two from a distance and watched as Olivieri placed his hand on Frisbies back, then he pulled out his gun and  shot her in the back of the neck, killing her instantly. At around 3 a.m. Perez and Olivieri drove to downtown Houston to pick up Frisbies boyfriend, Zacharia Richards, from the Greyhound bus station. According to Perez, meeting Richards in Houston was going to part of the pairs alibi if questioned. On April 3, 2011, the body of Bridgette Frisbee was discovered in the wooded area by a group of children who were out riding dirt bikes. A search of the area turned up one 9 mm shell casing in the vicinity of Frisbies body. When the news of the murder was released, Olivieri text-messaged Perez and pretended to be informing him that their friend had been found dead. Confession for Immunity A few days after the discovery of Frisbies body, Perez, through an attorney, contacted police in regards to information that he had about the murder. Once he was  granted immunity  from prosecution, Perez confessed to what he knew about the murder, including fingering Olivieri as the triggerman. Perez later testified in court that the plan was to rough up Frisbie, but that he did not know of Olivieris plan to murder her and, after the shooting, the two exchanged heated words in the woods. Perez told the court, He came running at me, and I was in shock because he shot her. He described Olivieris attitude after murdering his long-time friend as unrepentant and that he showed no signs of remorse. Perez also admitted to following Olivieris instructions that night, to dress in dark clothing and a full face mask, to bring a firearm, and to hide under a stack of blankets in the back of the Chevrolet Suburban. Alexander Olivieri was found guilty of first-degree murder and was sentenced to 60 years in prison. It took the jury just under four hours to decide on Olivieris sentence. Bridgette Frisbie Bridgetts father Bob Frisbie, who adopted her when she was a toddler, described his daughter as being sometimes rebellious, but that she had  been through a lot in her short life, including the loss of her adoptive mother due to illness. He said that what he saw when he looked at his daughter was a fun-spirited 17-year-old who loved poetry and drawing and was a loving daughter. Olivieris Appeal Olivieris sentence was appealed due to three issues, outlined below from court papers filed by his defense attorneys: Issue One:  The trial court committed reversible error in denying defense counsels request to instruct the jury that Alan Perez was an accomplice witness as a matter of law. According to his attorney, by Perezs own testimony, he had entered into a conspiracy to commit a felony, which resulted in the complainants death. If Perezs testimony is taken as true, then there is no question he engaged in criminal conduct for which he could have been charged had he not been granted immunity. Perez was, therefore, an accomplice as a matter of law. Issue Two:  Insufficient evidence was presented to corroborate the testimony of Alan Perez, an accomplice witness. Olivieris attorney argued that corroboration of an accomplice witnesss testimony requires evidence that tends to link the accused with the crime committed. None of the evidence presented at trial tends to link Olivieri to the murder of the complainant for purposes of corroborating Perezs testimony. Issue Three:  The consent to search provided to law enforcement by Samuel Olivieri was not given voluntarily and was therefore invalid. According to the appeal,  police did not have a warrant  to search the Suburban driven by Olivieri, despite prior knowledge gleaned from Perez that it may contain evidence. As a way around the warrant requirement, police sought and received the consent of Olivieri s father to search the vehicle. The consent by Olivieris father was involuntary, as he was not aware that he had a right to refuse to give consent, had been subjected to a coercive show of authority by law enforcement, and was operating with less than full mental faculties after being awoken at 2 a.m. by police. The Court of Appeals for the First District of Texas overruled the three arguments and voted to uphold the trial court’s judgment. Alex Olivieri is currently housed at the Connally (CY) Correctional Institution in  Kenedy, Texas. His projected release date is November 2071. He will be 79 years old.

Definition and Examples of Explication

Definition and Examples of Explication Explication is a term in research and literary criticism for the close analysis of a text or of an excerpt from a longer text. Also known as  exegesis. The term is derived from explication de texte (explanation of text), the practice in French literary studies of closely examining the language of a text to determine meaning. Explication de texte entered English-language criticism with the help of the New Critics, who emphasized a text-only approach as the only valid method of analysis. Thanks to the New Criticism, explication has become established in English as a critical term referring to the nuanced and thorough close reading of textual ambiguities, complexities, and interrelationships (Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, 2003). See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: The Advantages of Slow Reading and Slow WritingAnalysisClose Reading and Deep ReadingCritical Analysis and Critical EssayRevision and Editing Checklist for a Critical EssayRhetorical Analysis EtymologyFrom the Latin, unfold, explain Examples and Observations [An explication  is an] attempt to reveal the meaning by calling attention to implications, such as the connotations of words and the tone conveyed by the brevity or length of a sentence. Unlike a paraphrase, which is a rewording or rephrasing in order to set forth the gist of the meaning, an explication is a commentary that makes explicit what is implicit. If we paraphrased the beginning of the Gettysburg Address, we might turn Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth into Eighty-seven years ago our ancestors established, or some such statement. In an explication, however, we would mention that four score evokes the language of the Bible, and that the biblical echo helps to establish the solemnity and holiness of the occasion. In an explication, we would also mention that fathers initiates a chain of images of birth, continued in conceived in liberty, any nation so conceived, and a new birth.(Marcia Stubbs and Sylvan Barnet, The Little, Brown Reader, 8th ed. Addiso n-Wesley, 2000) Ian Watts Explication of the First Paragraph of The AmbassadorsAn unusually brilliant example of the analysis of a single paragraph of prose is provided by Ian Watts The First Paragraph of The Ambassadors: An Explication, Essays in Criticism, 10 (July 1960), 250-74. Starting out with objectively observable idiosyncrasies of Henry Jamess syntax and diction, Watt relates these features to their function in the paragraph, to their effects on the reader, to the character traits of Strether and the narrator, and ultimately to the cast of Jamess own mind. He attempts then to persuade us that the stylistic features of this one paragraph are not only characteristic of Jamess later prose but also indicative of Jamess complex vision of life and his conception of the novel as an art form.(Edward P.J. Corbett, Approaches to the Study of Style. Teaching Composition: Twelve Bibliographical Essays, rev. ed., edited by Gary Tate. Texas Christian University Press, 1987)Explication as a Writing Assign mentYou may be assigned a paper asking you to analyze a book or portion of a book . . .. We call this method textual analysis because the text itself, what the author wrote, provides your data. Your paper is about the text itself, not about the texts subject matter. . . . Your paper is called an analysis because you take the authors work apart to examine the different components and then put them back together. This activity is called explication: a textual analysis explicates, or explains, what the authors main points are and how they are connected, and offers a critique of the authors argument. An analogy would be taking a car engine apart, explaining each part and how the parts work together and evaluating whether the car is a good buy or a lemon.Mastering the skill of explication will help you write better papers when a textual analysis is assigned. But, perhaps as important, this skill will help you evaluate more clearly all the books and articles you encounter in your academic career.(The Sociology Writing Group, ​A Guide to Writing Sociology Papers, 5th ed. Worth Publishers, 2001) Explication de Texte[Explication de texte is a] step-by-step way of explaining the details of a literary text, practiced in the French school system. Explication de texte differs from the close reading advocated by New Criticism because it restrains itself from acts of interpretation, focusing instead on providing the information that will enable a basic understanding of the work under discussion.(David Mikics, A New Handbook of Literary Terms. Yale University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: ek-sple-KAY-shun (English); ek-sple-ka-syon (French)

Intro to chinese culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Intro to chinese culture - Research Paper Example Doug Guthrie informs that Chinese government has taken three key measures to drive forward the economic reforms in China. The first was bringing in gradual reforms driven by state government in order to make China a global economy. The Chinese government introduced both external and internal economic policies. The second was the decentralization of economic decision-making while the third was to allow private economic sector to emerge to a certain extent without authorizing rapid privatization and keeping state owned industries as such. The industries continued to remain in governmental control, but the introduction of private sector initiated competition between industries that was healthy for the economy wholly. These three measures will be discussed in detail in the following sections. The Chinese government brought reforms on global level as well as on domestic level in order to strengthen China as a global economy. The economic reforms included creation of new institutions locally as well as internationally, creation of innovated industrial strategies, development of special economic zones to attract domestic and foreign investors to invest in China and adoption of trading, exporting and developmental strategies to represent China as an economy interested in investments from internal as well as external sector (Guthrie, 2009). Export-oriented coastal development strategy implemented by Zhao played a crucial role in creating China as a leading trading economy. With this reform policy, the coastal regions became more autonomous and provided solutions for two issues, which were â€Å"employment of the surplus labor from the rural areas and improvement in industrial competitiveness† (Guthrie, 2009, p. 113) along with generating income for industrial firms. The coastal development strategy facilitated Chinese economy in many ways such as converting it â€Å"into a primary producer of goods across a number of different sectors†, bringing in â€Å"huge infusion